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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kugel</span></h1>
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<p>Eine <b>Kugel</b> ist in der <a href="Geometrie" title="Geometrie">Geometrie</a> die Kurzbezeichnung für <i>Kugelfläche</i> bzw. <i>Kugelkörper</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differenzierung_zwischen_Kugelfläche_und_Kugelkörper"><span id="Differenzierung_zwischen_Kugelfl.C3.A4che_und_Kugelk.C3.B6rper"></span><span id="Kugelk.C3.B6rper"></span><span id="Kugelkörper"></span><span id="Kugeloberfl.C3.A4che"></span><span id="Kugeloberfläche"></span> Differenzierung zwischen Kugelfläche und Kugelkörper</h2></div>
<p>Die <b>Kugelfläche</b>, auch <b>Kugeloberfläche</b> oder <b><a href="Sph%C3%A4re_(Mathematik)" title="Sphäre (Mathematik)">Sphäre</a></b>, ist die bei der Drehung einer <a href="Kreis" title="Kreis">Kreislinie</a> um einen Kreisdurchmesser entstehende <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Fläche</a>. Sie ist eine <a href="Rotationsfl%C3%A4che" title="Rotationsfläche">Rotationsfläche</a> sowie eine spezielle <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_zweiter_Ordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Fläche zweiter Ordnung">Fläche zweiter Ordnung</a> und wird beschrieben als die <a href="Menge_(Mathematik)" title="Menge (Mathematik)">Menge</a> (der geometrische Ort) aller <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkte</a> im dreidimensionalen <a href="Euklidischer_Raum" title="Euklidischer Raum">euklidischen Raum</a>, die den gleichen <a href="Euklidischer_Abstand" title="Euklidischer Abstand">Abstand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> von einem festen Punkt des Raumes haben. Der feste Punkt wird als <i><a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a></i> oder <i>Zentrum</i> der Kugel bezeichnet, die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>r</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> der Kugel. Die Kugelfläche teilt den Raum in zwei getrennte offene <a href="Untermenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenge">Untermengen</a>, von denen genau eine <a href="Konvexe_Menge" title="Konvexe Menge">konvex</a> ist. Diese Menge heißt das <i>Innere</i> der Kugel. Die Vereinigungsmenge einer Kugelfläche und ihres Inneren wird <b><a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Geometrie)" title="Körper (Geometrie)">Kugelkörper</a></b> oder <b>Vollkugel</b> (auch <b>Ball</b>) genannt.
</p><p>Sowohl Kugelfläche als auch Kugelkörper werden oft kurz als Kugel bezeichnet, wobei aus dem Zusammenhang klar sein muss, welche der beiden Bedeutungen gemeint ist.
</p><p>Eine Kugelfläche mit Mittelpunkt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{M},y_{M},z_{M}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{M},y_{M},z_{M}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f68a2ad8ba1f6c190c1a14d206dfd415debc6a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.495ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{M},y_{M},z_{M}}" loading="lazy"></span>) und Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Menge aller Punkte (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y,z}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y,z}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbeca34b28f569a407ef74a955d041df9f360268.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.641ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y,z}" loading="lazy"></span>), für welche die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x-x_{M})^{2}+(y-y_{M})^{2}+(z-z_{M})^{2}=r^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x-x_{M})^{2}+(y-y_{M})^{2}+(z-z_{M})^{2}=r^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ccf198ae467471219fecd33af1d2f33ed2f091f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.995ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x-x_{M})^{2}+(y-y_{M})^{2}+(z-z_{M})^{2}=r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt ist.
</p>
<p>In <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektorschreibweise</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ad6770186d559cc35447bd71ad2f62ded265347.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:10.576ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {m}}={\begin{pmatrix}x_{M}\\y_{M}\\z_{M}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca41900e08160f17e6d51f7d2ecf8c5216826714.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:13.246ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {m}}={\begin{pmatrix}x_{M}\\y_{M}\\z_{M}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}})\cdot ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}})=r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}})^{2}=r^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}})^{2}=r^{2}}</annotation>
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<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}}|^{2}=r^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}}|^{2}=r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4775e5dc51c3c3f038bfeaad37126aa1b8bc0bd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.76ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}}|^{2}=r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}}|=r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}}|=r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69504a507db66421d228547bb52e12f18b933f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.651ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}-{\vec {m}}|=r}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Punkte auf der Kugelfläche mit dem Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem Zentrum im Ursprung können durch <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a> wie folgt parametrisiert werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=r\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=r\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89e3252afab95a3e8083c7b77cb91432e82fb8b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.187ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=r\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=r\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=r\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6189a406112af9a7d0c91945652c4bc64245a729.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.757ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=r\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=r\cdot \cos \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=r\cdot \cos \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/061036b294442112c603b07ca5d60fc89a3a2831.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.503ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=r\cdot \cos \theta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f85d6a6521db7f3738e48ea472c8d88f0c4e0c12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.782ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d07ebffe3181ca98c6933cf63cb31d5247fab3f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.374ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kugelschnitte">Kugelschnitte</h2></div>
<ul><li>Bringt man eine <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> mit einer Kugel zum <a href="Schnittmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnittmenge">Schnitt</a>, entsteht immer ein Kreis. Wenn die Ebene den Mittelpunkt der Kugel enthält, nennt man die Schnittlinie <i><a href="Gro%C3%9Fkreis" title="Großkreis">Großkreis</a></i>, andernfalls <i><a href="Kleinkreis" title="Kleinkreis">Kleinkreis</a></i>.</li>
<li>Die beiden dabei entstehenden Teilkörper heißen <i><a href="Kugelabschnitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelabschnitt">Kugelabschnitt</a></i> oder <i>Kugelsegment</i>, im Falle des Großkreises <i>Halbkugel (Hemisphäre)</i>.</li>
<li>Der <a href="Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Krümmung">gekrümmte</a> Teil der Oberfläche eines Kugelsegments wird <i>Kugelkappe</i>, <i>Kugelhaube</i> oder <i><a href="Kugelkalotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelkalotte">Kugelkalotte</a></i> genannt.</li>
<li>Ein Kugelsegment und der <a href="Kegel_(Geometrie)" title="Kegel (Geometrie)">Kegel</a> mit dem Schnittkreis als Basis und dem Kugelmittelpunkt als Spitze ergeben einen <i><a href="Kugelausschnitt" title="Kugelausschnitt">Kugelausschnitt</a></i> oder <i>Kugelsektor</i>.</li>
<li>Zwei <a href="Parallel_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (Geometrie)">parallele</a>, die Kugel schneidende (nicht <a href="Ber%C3%BChrung_(Mathematik)" title="Berührung (Mathematik)">berührende</a>) Ebenen schneiden aus der Kugel eine <i><a href="Kugelschicht" title="Kugelschicht">Kugelschicht</a></i> heraus. Den gekrümmten Teil der Oberfläche einer Kugelschicht bezeichnet man als <i>Kugelzone</i>.</li>
<li>Zwei sich schneidende Ebenen, deren <a href="Schnittgerade" title="Schnittgerade">Schnittgerade</a> teilweise innerhalb der Kugel liegt, schneiden aus der Kugel ein Objekt, dessen gekrümmte Oberfläche das <i><a href="Kugelzweieck" title="Kugelzweieck">Kugelzweieck</a></i> ist.</li>
<li>Eine <i><a href="Kugelschale" title="Kugelschale">Kugelschale</a></i> bzw. <i>Hohlkugel</i> entsteht aus zwei unterschiedlich großen <a href="Konzentrisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konzentrisch">konzentrischen</a> Kugeln, indem aus dem größeren Kugelkörper der kleinere herausgeschnitten wird.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurven_auf_einer_Kugel">Kurven auf einer Kugel</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kreise">Kreise</h3></div>
<ul><li>Der Schnitt einer Ebene mit einer Kugel ist ein Kreis, ein Punkt oder leer.</li></ul>
<p>Ist der Schnitt ein Kreis, so lässt er sich in Parameterform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;{\vec {x}}=({\vec {e}}_{0}+{\vec {e}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {e}}_{2}\sin t)^{T}\;}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;{\vec {x}}=({\vec {e}}_{0}+{\vec {e}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {e}}_{2}\sin t)^{T}\;}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/305388634dd3ebf0f1558db37256743788c7d3a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.624ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;{\vec {x}}=({\vec {e}}_{0}+{\vec {e}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {e}}_{2}\sin t)^{T}\;}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellen: s. <a href="Ellipsoid#Ebene_Schnitte" title="Ellipsoid">Ebene Schnitt eines Ellipsoids</a>.
</p><p>Allerdings kann eine Kugel auch kompliziertere Flächen in einem Kreis schneiden:
</p>
<ul><li>Ein nicht leerer Schnitt einer Kugel mit einer <a href="Rotationsfl%C3%A4che" title="Rotationsfläche">Rotationsfläche</a>, deren Achse durch den Mittelpunkt der Kugel geht, besteht aus Kreisen und/oder Punkten.</li></ul>
<p>Im Bild schneidet eine Kugel einen Zylinder in zwei Kreisen. Wäre der Radius des Zylinders gleich dem Kugelradius, bestünde der Schnitt aus einem Berührkreis. Ein Rotations-Ellipsoid mit demselben Mittelpunkt wie die Kugel und dem Kugelradius als großer Halbachse würde die Kugel in zwei Punkten (Scheiteln) berühren.
</p><p>Diese Eigenschaft wird in der <a href="Darstellende_Geometrie" title="Darstellende Geometrie">darstellenden Geometrie</a> zur Konstruktion von Punkten der Schnittkurve von Rotationsflächen verwendet (siehe <a href="Hilfskugelverfahren" title="Hilfskugelverfahren">Hilfskugelverfahren</a>.)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clelia-Kurven">Clelia-Kurven</h3></div>
<p>Ist die Kugel in Parameterform
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=(r\cos \theta \cos \varphi ,r\cos \theta \sin \varphi ,r\sin \theta )^{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=(r\cos \theta \cos \varphi ,r\cos \theta \sin \varphi ,r\sin \theta )^{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6508500e7b1a08a4fa5bcd7c861b2fd384ae5dce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.068ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=(r\cos \theta \cos \varphi ,r\cos \theta \sin \varphi ,r\sin \theta )^{T}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben, so erhält man <a href="Clelia-Kurve" title="Clelia-Kurve">Clelia-Kurven</a>, wenn man
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi =c\;\theta \;,\ c>0\;,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi =c\;\theta \;,\ c>0\;,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/850df871f91dd7e06a6a960db112e75b2be54c23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.181ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi =c\;\theta \;,\ c>0\;,}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>setzt. Spezialfälle davon sind: <a href="Vivianische_Kurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivianische Kurve">vivianische Kurven</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3467f9e219a5ea38a30da5c3a02c2c23f61a79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=1}" loading="lazy"></span>) und <a href="Kugelspirale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelspirale">Kugelspiralen</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c>2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c>2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23589bfa9e6bcefa64f663a435c2338fee9eca15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c>2}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loxodrome">Loxodrome</h3></div>
<p>Die Kurve auf der Erdkugel, welche die Meridiane (Längskreise) immer unter dem gleichen Winkel schneidet, ist eine <a href="Loxodrome" title="Loxodrome">Loxodrome</a>. Sie schlingt sich spiralartig um die Pole, die ihre beiden asymptotischen Punkte sind, d. h. sie enthält nicht die Pole. Sie ist keine Kugelspirale im obigen Sinne. Es besteht kein einfacher Zusammenhang zwischen den Winkeln <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schnitte_mit_anderen_Quadriken">Schnitte mit anderen Quadriken</h3></div>
<p>Wird eine Kugel von einer anderen <a href="Quadrik" title="Quadrik">Quadrik</a> (Zylinder, Kegel …) geschnitten, so entstehen Schnittkurven.
</p><p><b> Beispiel: Kugel – Zylinder</b>
</p><p>Die Schnittkurve der Kugel mit der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}\;}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}\;}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88cd888f9226fcfcb71012e96f40a279d8a2c29c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.916ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}\;}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem Zylinder mit der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;(y-y_{0})^{2}+z^{2}=a^{2}\;}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;(y-y_{0})^{2}+z^{2}=a^{2}\;}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46b8793bb3ced65d48382e6e356931681222ada4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.711ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;(y-y_{0})^{2}+z^{2}=a^{2}\;}" loading="lazy"></span> besteht aus den Lösungen des nichtlinearen Gleichungssystems
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-r^{2}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-r^{2}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91803efe99c5b176a4bccd39b154fc1c398a8510.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.628ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-r^{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (y-y_{0})^{2}+z^{2}-a^{2}=0\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (y-y_{0})^{2}+z^{2}-a^{2}=0\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a647e39f51682c5f61442adba20602d76042669.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.651ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (y-y_{0})^{2}+z^{2}-a^{2}=0\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(s. <a href="Implizite_Kurve" title="Implizite Kurve">implizite Kurve</a>, Bild)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formeln">Formeln</h2></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Formelsammlung_Geometrie" title="Formelsammlung Geometrie">Formelsammlung Geometrie</a></div>
<table class="wikitable centered">
<caption>Formeln zur Kugel
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Geometrische Größe</th>
<th>Formel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Kugelradius
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Kugel<a href="Durchmesser" title="Durchmesser">durchmesser</a>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d=2r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d=2r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aedbeca9223f2026e9d51322e86d67e10c092792.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.525ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d=2r}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a> (Großkreis)
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=2\pi r=\pi d\ {\color {OliveGreen}={\frac {\mathrm {d} A_{\mathrm {PF} }}{\mathrm {d} r}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#3C8031">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=2\pi r=\pi d\ {\color {OliveGreen}={\frac {\mathrm {d} A_{\mathrm {PF} }}{\mathrm {d} r}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3a46bc2d18673c37610c97f0b67b008421c8107.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:23.401ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=2\pi r=\pi d\ {\color {OliveGreen}={\frac {\mathrm {d} A_{\mathrm {PF} }}{\mathrm {d} r}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><span id="Kugelvolumen"></span><a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {1}{6}}\pi d^{3}=\int _{-r}^{r}\left(r^{2}-x^{2}\right)\pi \mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {1}{6}}\pi d^{3}=\int _{-r}^{r}\left(r^{2}-x^{2}\right)\pi \mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d25de20219149140962401df28cab358941b941.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:39.849ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {1}{6}}\pi d^{3}=\int _{-r}^{r}\left(r^{2}-x^{2}\right)\pi \mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Oberfl%C3%A4cheninhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberflächeninhalt">Oberfläche</a>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{O}=4\pi r^{2}=\pi d^{2}\ {\color {OliveGreen}={\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} r}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle mathcolor="#3C8031">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{O}=4\pi r^{2}=\pi d^{2}\ {\color {OliveGreen}={\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} r}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e7cf198026c971fe02b9d814e83d690baf58c81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:24.578ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{O}=4\pi r^{2}=\pi d^{2}\ {\color {OliveGreen}={\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} r}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Projektionsfläche/Kugelquerschnitt
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {PF} }=\pi r^{2}={\frac {1}{4}}\pi d^{2}=\int _{0}^{r}U\mathrm {d} r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {PF} }=\pi r^{2}={\frac {1}{4}}\pi d^{2}=\int _{0}^{r}U\mathrm {d} r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/956e4e8f04782b8daf06bdc02f1abb42998f5b22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:30.45ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {PF} }=\pi r^{2}={\frac {1}{4}}\pi d^{2}=\int _{0}^{r}U\mathrm {d} r}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Höhe (Kugelsegment/-kalotte, Kugelschicht,
<p>nicht mit dem h in der Skizze unten identisch)
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Volumen einer <a href="Kugelkalotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugelkalotte">Kugelkalotte</a>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KK} }={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KK} }={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/028c04e51b88445bf07d47ffa0b5031e1da6fc98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.004ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KK} }={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Flächeninhalt einer Kugelkalotte
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {KK} }=2\pi rh=2\pi r^{2}\left(1-\cos {\frac {\alpha }{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {KK} }=2\pi rh=2\pi r^{2}\left(1-\cos {\frac {\alpha }{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c7a892170c4f6aafc6f24f9931019e5af2b6ac9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:33.196ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {KK} }=2\pi rh=2\pi r^{2}\left(1-\cos {\frac {\alpha }{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Mantelfläche einer <a href="Kugelschicht" title="Kugelschicht">Kugelschicht</a>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {KS} }=2\pi rh=2\pi r^{2}\int _{\alpha }^{\beta }\sin x\,\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {KS} }=2\pi rh=2\pi r^{2}\int _{\alpha }^{\beta }\sin x\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c43d1ccb4220f7b7e13d634ff9cedbd79094b24f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.838ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {KS} }=2\pi rh=2\pi r^{2}\int _{\alpha }^{\beta }\sin x\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Trägheitsmoment">Trägheitsmoment</a> einer Vollkugel (Drehachse durch Mittelpunkt)
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J={\frac {2}{5}}mr^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J={\frac {2}{5}}mr^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41525131afda30f5ce0f3869f2fe36d844da77e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.712ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J={\frac {2}{5}}mr^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Trägheitsmoment">Trägheitsmoment</a> einer Sphäre (Drehachse durch Mittelpunkt)
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J={\frac {2}{3}}mr^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J={\frac {2}{3}}mr^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/206fb1dc4288c5b184f1f86455439103b8c8cfbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.712ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J={\frac {2}{3}}mr^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volumen">Volumen</h3></div>
<p>Das Kugelvolumen ist der Rauminhalt einer Kugel, der durch die Kugeloberfläche begrenzt wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kegelherleitung_(archimedische_Herleitung)"><span id="Kegelherleitung_.28archimedische_Herleitung.29"></span>Kegelherleitung (archimedische Herleitung)</h4></div>
<p>Nach einer Überlegung des griechischen <a href="Liste_von_Mathematikern" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste von Mathematikern">Mathematikers</a> <a href="Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> gibt es zu einer Halbkugel mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Vergleichskörper, dessen Volumen mit dem der Halbkugel übereinstimmt, aber einfach zu berechnen ist. Dieser Vergleichskörper entsteht dadurch, dass man aus einem <a href="Zylinder_(Geometrie)" title="Zylinder (Geometrie)">Zylinder</a> (genauer: einem geraden Kreiszylinder) mit Grundflächenradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> einen <a href="Kegel_(Geometrie)" title="Kegel (Geometrie)">Kegel</a> (genauer: einen geraden Kreiskegel) mit Grundflächenradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> entfernt.
</p><p>Zum Nachweis, dass die Halbkugel und der Vergleichskörper gleiches Volumen haben, kann man das <a href="Prinzip_von_Cavalieri" title="Prinzip von Cavalieri">Prinzip von Cavalieri</a> heranziehen. Dieses Prinzip beruht auf der Idee, die betrachteten Körper in unendlich viele Scheiben infinitesimaler (unendlich kleiner) Dicke zu zerlegen. (Eine Alternative zu diesem Verfahren wäre die Anwendung der <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integralrechnung</a>.) Nach dem erwähnten Prinzip untersucht man für beide Körper die Schnittflächen mit den <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebenen</a>, die zur jeweiligen Grundfläche <a href="Parallel_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (Geometrie)">parallel</a> sind und von dieser einen vorgegebenen <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Abstand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> haben.
</p><p>Im Falle der Halbkugel ist die <a href="Schnittfl%C3%A4che" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnittfläche">Schnittfläche</a> eine Kreisfläche. Der Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> dieser Kreisfläche ergibt sich aus dem <a href="Satz_des_Pythagoras" title="Satz des Pythagoras">Satz des Pythagoras</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s^{2}+h^{2}\,=\,r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s^{2}+h^{2}\,=\,r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cddea847e463b2a203546ee52812db81308b2ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.354ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s^{2}+h^{2}\,=\,r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Damit erhält man für den Inhalt der Schnittfläche
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{1}\,=\,\pi s^{2}=\pi (r^{2}-h^{2})=\pi r^{2}-\pi h^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{1}\,=\,\pi s^{2}=\pi (r^{2}-h^{2})=\pi r^{2}-\pi h^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e17d7159b20ba14c349033190e914ffc4fcc2a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.822ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{1}\,=\,\pi s^{2}=\pi (r^{2}-h^{2})=\pi r^{2}-\pi h^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Im Falle des Vergleichskörpers ist die Schnittfläche dagegen ein Kreisring mit Außenradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und Innenradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Flächeninhalt dieser Schnittfläche ist demzufolge
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{2}\,=\,\pi r^{2}-\pi h^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{2}\,=\,\pi r^{2}-\pi h^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2cd6a6cf0cb24ddb54622703726fbe23c98eb40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.671ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{2}\,=\,\pi r^{2}-\pi h^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für einen beliebigen Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Grundfläche stimmen die beiden Schnittflächen also im <a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalt</a> überein. Damit folgt mit dem Prinzip von Cavalieri, dass die Halbkugel und der Vergleichskörper das gleiche Volumen haben.
</p><p>Das Volumen des Vergleichskörpers und damit auch der Halbkugel lässt sich nun leicht berechnen:
</p><p>Man <a href="Subtraktion" title="Subtraktion">subtrahiert</a> vom Zylindervolumen das Kegelvolumen.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Zylinder}}=\pi r^{2}\cdot r=\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Zylinder</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{Zylinder}}=\pi r^{2}\cdot r=\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e110aabf98a6ad102cffb90244de7fb063de549.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.371ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Zylinder}}=\pi r^{2}\cdot r=\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Kegel}}={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}\cdot r={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Kegel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{Kegel}}={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}\cdot r={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2575caa7bec3730c067a40ce15051b6a0b38507a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.397ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Kegel}}={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}\cdot r={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Halbkugel}}=V_{\text{Vergleichskörper}}\,=\pi r^{3}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Halbkugel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Vergleichskörper</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{Halbkugel}}=V_{\text{Vergleichskörper}}\,=\pi r^{3}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99c4791434df034231f9da768319361f2071bb5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:49.386ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Halbkugel}}=V_{\text{Vergleichskörper}}\,=\pi r^{3}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Daher gilt für das Volumen der (Voll-)Kugel:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Kugel}}\,=\,2\cdot V_{\text{Halbkugel}}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Kugel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Halbkugel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{Kugel}}\,=\,2\cdot V_{\text{Halbkugel}}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d71521651200cd90330c0c4d29252aebd165554.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.84ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{Kugel}}\,=\,2\cdot V_{\text{Halbkugel}}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_Herleitung">Alternative Herleitung</h4></div>
<p>Die Kugel kann in unendlich viele <a href="Pyramide_(Geometrie)" title="Pyramide (Geometrie)">Pyramiden</a> mit der Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> zerteilt werden (Spitzen im Mittelpunkt der Kugel), deren gesamte Grundfläche der Oberfläche der Kugel (siehe weiter unten) entspricht. Damit beträgt das gesamte Volumen aller Pyramiden:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {O\,r}{3}}={\frac {(4\pi r^{2})r}{3}}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>O</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {O\,r}{3}}={\frac {(4\pi r^{2})r}{3}}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5acb44a5704c8aacb4ec9e0b2d9131eeb39f86b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.853ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {O\,r}{3}}={\frac {(4\pi r^{2})r}{3}}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herleitung_mit_Hilfe_der_Integralrechnung">Herleitung mit Hilfe der Integralrechnung</h4></div>
<p>Radius im Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2f50c065f0d0ecb2e0410a9c6eead91ea8325b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.84ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Kreisfläche im Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{x}=\pi s^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{x}=\pi s^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/287850868d6bae0a28480f647612bce3ace388c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.491ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{x}=\pi s^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Volumen der Kugel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\int _{-r}^{r}{A_{x}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\int _{-r}^{r}{\pi s^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\int _{-r}^{r}{\left({r^{2}-x^{2}}\right)}\pi \,\mathrm {d} x=\int _{-r}^{r}\pi {r^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} x-\int _{-r}^{r}\pi {x^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\int _{-r}^{r}{A_{x}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\int _{-r}^{r}{\pi s^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\int _{-r}^{r}{\left({r^{2}-x^{2}}\right)}\pi \,\mathrm {d} x=\int _{-r}^{r}\pi {r^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} x-\int _{-r}^{r}\pi {x^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e1f5ce7c2276bebda75ed50e99e1734849f609a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:76.06ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\int _{-r}^{r}{A_{x}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\int _{-r}^{r}{\pi s^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\int _{-r}^{r}{\left({r^{2}-x^{2}}\right)}\pi \,\mathrm {d} x=\int _{-r}^{r}\pi {r^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} x-\int _{-r}^{r}\pi {x^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}\left[x\right]_{-r}^{r}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[{x^{3}}\right]_{-r}^{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}\left[x\right]_{-r}^{r}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[{x^{3}}\right]_{-r}^{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6a0bdfef74621c05105237e5ad5307e46541426.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.943ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}\left[x\right]_{-r}^{r}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[{x^{3}}\right]_{-r}^{r}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}\left[r-(-r)\right]-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(-r)^{3}\right]=2\pi r^{3}-{\frac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}\left[r-(-r)\right]-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(-r)^{3}\right]=2\pi r^{3}-{\frac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8e8b644c410efef3c860f803151b559f0e5b561.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:62.219ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\pi r^{2}\left[r-(-r)\right]-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(-r)^{3}\right]=2\pi r^{3}-{\frac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Auf die gleiche Art kann man das Volumen eines Kugelsegments <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1109935f5b7629337c7a253944a0093d87a5afc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.78ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }}" loading="lazy"></span> der Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\int _{r-h}^{r}{A_{x}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\pi r^{2}\left[x\right]_{r-h}^{r}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[{x^{3}}\right]_{r-h}^{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\int _{r-h}^{r}{A_{x}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\pi r^{2}\left[x\right]_{r-h}^{r}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[{x^{3}}\right]_{r-h}^{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e3eac1232a18271d5315396f1a3962d66b8b799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.731ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\int _{r-h}^{r}{A_{x}\,\mathrm {d} x}=\pi r^{2}\left[x\right]_{r-h}^{r}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[{x^{3}}\right]_{r-h}^{r}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\pi r^{2}\left[r-(r-h)\right]-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(r-h)^{3}\right]=\pi r^{2}h-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(r^{3}-3r^{2}h+3rh^{2}-h^{3})\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\pi r^{2}\left[r-(r-h)\right]-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(r-h)^{3}\right]=\pi r^{2}h-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(r^{3}-3r^{2}h+3rh^{2}-h^{3})\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2542735740c1db5826e1eb8a38e772457d4602ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:89.801ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\pi r^{2}\left[r-(r-h)\right]-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(r-h)^{3}\right]=\pi r^{2}h-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi \left[r^{3}-(r^{3}-3r^{2}h+3rh^{2}-h^{3})\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\pi r^{2}h-\pi r^{2}h+\pi rh^{2}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi h^{3}={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\pi r^{2}h-\pi r^{2}h+\pi rh^{2}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi h^{3}={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93723a12401996ddd618f8a79b4efbb2403af5d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:51.305ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {KS} }=\pi r^{2}h-\pi r^{2}h+\pi rh^{2}-{\frac {1}{3}}\pi h^{3}={\frac {\pi h^{2}}{3}}(3r-h)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weitere_Herleitungen">Weitere Herleitungen</h4></div>
<p>Eine Kugel mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Mittelpunkt im Koordinatenursprung liegt, lässt sich durch die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K:~x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}\leq R^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K:~x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}\leq R^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a9461b5313229485851e6a63edfe28a45e28128.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.924ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K:~x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}\leq R^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschreiben, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,\ y,\ z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,\ y,\ z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d31e0b9b9e9aeab0c6d2d95e742f9c2fe69f72f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.802ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,\ y,\ z}" loading="lazy"></span> die Raumkoordinaten sind.
</p><p><i>Über die Integralrechnung lässt sich dieses Problem auf zwei Arten lösen:</i>
</p><p>Wir parametrisieren die Kugel bis auf eine Lebesgue-Nullmenge durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}r~\sin \vartheta ~\cos \varphi \\r~\sin \vartheta ~\sin \varphi \\r~\cos \vartheta \end{pmatrix}}\qquad (0\leq r\leq R,\ 0\leq \vartheta \leq \pi ,\ 0\leq \varphi \leq 2\pi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>r</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>r</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>r</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}r~\sin \vartheta ~\cos \varphi \\r~\sin \vartheta ~\sin \varphi \\r~\cos \vartheta \end{pmatrix}}\qquad (0\leq r\leq R,\ 0\leq \vartheta \leq \pi ,\ 0\leq \varphi \leq 2\pi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a4b4ce6cf1623740d4396405f705564621fe88e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:67.979ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}r~\sin \vartheta ~\cos \varphi \\r~\sin \vartheta ~\sin \varphi \\r~\cos \vartheta \end{pmatrix}}\qquad (0\leq r\leq R,\ 0\leq \vartheta \leq \pi ,\ 0\leq \varphi \leq 2\pi )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Mit der <a href="Funktionaldeterminante" title="Funktionaldeterminante">Funktionaldeterminante</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det {\frac {\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (r,\vartheta ,\varphi )}}=r^{2}\sin \vartheta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det {\frac {\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (r,\vartheta ,\varphi )}}=r^{2}\sin \vartheta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3df57b5098aafd4ff3f0b15e501d77204631341.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.796ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det {\frac {\partial (x,y,z)}{\partial (r,\vartheta ,\varphi )}}=r^{2}\sin \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ergibt sich das benötigte Volumenelement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b80507190aa9d38a279909db47b63657f2b62ba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.08ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V}" loading="lazy"></span> als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V=r^{2}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \,\mathrm {d} \vartheta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V=r^{2}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \,\mathrm {d} \vartheta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c2a900f75c50ebe6715b839ace6b5fa5a4c13c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.524ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V=r^{2}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \,\mathrm {d} \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Das Volumen der Kugel ergibt sich daher als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\mathrm {d} V&=\int _{0}^{\pi }\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{R}r^{2}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \,\mathrm {d} \vartheta \\&=\int _{0}^{R}r^{2}\mathrm {d} r\int _{0}^{2\pi }\mathrm {d} \varphi \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta \\&={\frac {R^{3}}{3}}\cdot 2\pi \cdot 2\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}.\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\mathrm {d} V&=\int _{0}^{\pi }\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{R}r^{2}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \,\mathrm {d} \vartheta \\&=\int _{0}^{R}r^{2}\mathrm {d} r\int _{0}^{2\pi }\mathrm {d} \varphi \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta \\&={\frac {R^{3}}{3}}\cdot 2\pi \cdot 2\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}.\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd7b9fbd68f5c90d48e8f986b020ef0c13735d81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -11.505ex; width:39.852ex; height:24.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\mathrm {d} V&=\int _{0}^{\pi }\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{R}r^{2}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \,\mathrm {d} \vartheta \\&=\int _{0}^{R}r^{2}\mathrm {d} r\int _{0}^{2\pi }\mathrm {d} \varphi \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta \\&={\frac {R^{3}}{3}}\cdot 2\pi \cdot 2\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}.\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><i>Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht über die Polarkoordinaten:</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\!\mathrm {d} V&=\iint \limits _{x^{2}+y^{2}\leq R^{2}}\left(\int \limits _{-{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}}^{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\mathrm {d} z\right)\mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=\iint \limits _{x^{2}+y^{2}\leq R^{2}}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∬<!-- ∬ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∬<!-- ∬ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\!\mathrm {d} V&=\iint \limits _{x^{2}+y^{2}\leq R^{2}}\left(\int \limits _{-{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}}^{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\mathrm {d} z\right)\mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=\iint \limits _{x^{2}+y^{2}\leq R^{2}}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e95d0a64ad40a1886feac4a92e9f9b844e03bc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.171ex; width:41.384ex; height:21.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\!\mathrm {d} V&=\iint \limits _{x^{2}+y^{2}\leq R^{2}}\left(\int \limits _{-{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}}^{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\mathrm {d} z\right)\mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=\iint \limits _{x^{2}+y^{2}\leq R^{2}}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nun wird das <a href="Kartesisches_Koordinatensystem" title="Kartesisches Koordinatensystem">kartesische Koordinatensystem</a> in das <a href="Polarkoordinaten" title="Polarkoordinaten">Polarkoordinatensystem</a> transformiert, was bedeutet, dass die Integration nach dem „Wechsel“ des Koordinatensystems mittels der Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\!\varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\!\varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae712e9260150a2eb40842122b81fb726ebee851.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\!\varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\!r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\!r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57563dad05989515b7afa0b23d30eaeb6c02c596.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\!r}" loading="lazy"></span> fortgeführt wird, anstatt wie zuvor durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\!x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\!x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aab0904dba72ba55b837cec95acde0d80d8988b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\!x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\!y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\!y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc8a18f2555564673e055fd7b6b603d55e7078b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\!y}" loading="lazy"></span>. Motivation dieser Transformation ist die erhebliche Vereinfachung der Rechnung im weiteren Verlauf. Für das <a href="Differential_(Mathematik)" title="Differential (Mathematik)">Differential</a> bedeutet das: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x\;{\xrightarrow {\text{wird zu}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mtext>wird zu</mtext>
</mpadded>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x\;{\xrightarrow {\text{wird zu}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47b13630f7ab895bf7f9fc348f2304013b76c0d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-top: -0.309ex; width:20.475ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} y\,\mathrm {d} x\;\xrightarrow {\text{wird zu}} \;r\,\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> (Stichwort: <a href="Polarkoordinaten#Flächenelement" title="Polarkoordinaten">Flächenelement</a>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\!\mathrm {d} V&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{R}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-r^{2}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&=2\pi \int \limits _{0}^{R}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-r^{2}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\\&=2\pi (-1){\frac {2}{3}}\left[{\sqrt {(R^{2}-r^{2})^{3}}}\right]_{r=0}^{R}\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
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<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
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</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
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<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\!\mathrm {d} V&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{R}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-r^{2}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&=2\pi \int \limits _{0}^{R}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-r^{2}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\\&=2\pi (-1){\frac {2}{3}}\left[{\sqrt {(R^{2}-r^{2})^{3}}}\right]_{r=0}^{R}\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c23fd89b7df891c3613bd42210631ffcea85c2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -14.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.213ex; width:37.406ex; height:29.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{K}\!\mathrm {d} V&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{R}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-r^{2}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&=2\pi \int \limits _{0}^{R}2{\sqrt {R^{2}-r^{2}}}\;r\,\mathrm {d} r\\&=2\pi (-1){\frac {2}{3}}\left[{\sqrt {(R^{2}-r^{2})^{3}}}\right]_{r=0}^{R}\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi R^{3}.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><i>Weiterer Weg mit Hilfe der Formel für Rotationskörper</i>
</p><p>Lässt man ein Flächenstück um eine feste Raumachse rotieren, erhält man einen Körper mit einem bestimmten Volumen. Bei einer Kreisfläche entsteht so eine Kugel. Anschaulich kann man sich das als eine rotierende Münze vorstellen.
</p><p>Die allgemeine Formel für <a href="Rotationsk%C3%B6rper" title="Rotationskörper">Rotationskörper</a>, die um die x-Achse rotieren, ergibt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\pi \int _{a}^{b}[f(x)]^{2}\mathrm {d} x=\pi \int _{a}^{b}y^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\pi \int _{a}^{b}[f(x)]^{2}\mathrm {d} x=\pi \int _{a}^{b}y^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7c6c7a545aea40bde71da9577c4d2460ad61d66.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.225ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\pi \int _{a}^{b}[f(x)]^{2}\mathrm {d} x=\pi \int _{a}^{b}y^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Gleichung für den Kreis ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x-x_{M})^{2}+(y-y_{M})^{2}\,=\,r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x-x_{M})^{2}+(y-y_{M})^{2}\,=\,r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/699489a502644863bd6fe5e2af34de81a5a7f123.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.096ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x-x_{M})^{2}+(y-y_{M})^{2}\,=\,r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit Mittelpunkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M={\begin{pmatrix}x_{M}\\y_{M}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M={\begin{pmatrix}x_{M}\\y_{M}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f22d2b05f44c1008d9ab7e4ddb599102d9dae653.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.436ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M={\begin{pmatrix}x_{M}\\y_{M}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Eingesetzt in die Gleichung für den Kreis erhalten wir
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}\Leftrightarrow y^{2}=r^{2}-x^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}\Leftrightarrow y^{2}=r^{2}-x^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/338ab3f59ccd44eb03644af934a330b69b4ce8a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.895ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=r^{2}\Leftrightarrow y^{2}=r^{2}-x^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Durch Einsetzen in die Formel für Drehkörper um die x-Achse erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{\text{Kugel}}&=\pi \int _{-r}^{r}\left(r^{2}-x^{2}\right)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=\pi \left[r^{2}x-{\frac {1}{3}}x^{3}\right]_{-r}^{r}\\&=\pi \left(r^{3}-{\frac {1}{3}}r^{3}\right)-\pi \left(r^{2}\cdot (-r)-{\frac {1}{3}}(-r)^{3}\right)\\&=\pi \left[\left({\frac {2}{3}}r^{3}\right)-\left(-{\frac {2}{3}}r^{3}\right)\right]\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}.\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Kugel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{\text{Kugel}}&=\pi \int _{-r}^{r}\left(r^{2}-x^{2}\right)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=\pi \left[r^{2}x-{\frac {1}{3}}x^{3}\right]_{-r}^{r}\\&=\pi \left(r^{3}-{\frac {1}{3}}r^{3}\right)-\pi \left(r^{2}\cdot (-r)-{\frac {1}{3}}(-r)^{3}\right)\\&=\pi \left[\left({\frac {2}{3}}r^{3}\right)-\left(-{\frac {2}{3}}r^{3}\right)\right]\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}.\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b849b51779abd5f1ca4d58f5835dca5cade18f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -14.671ex; width:50.812ex; height:30.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{\text{Kugel}}&=\pi \int _{-r}^{r}\left(r^{2}-x^{2}\right)\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=\pi \left[r^{2}x-{\frac {1}{3}}x^{3}\right]_{-r}^{r}\\&=\pi \left(r^{3}-{\frac {1}{3}}r^{3}\right)-\pi \left(r^{2}\cdot (-r)-{\frac {1}{3}}(-r)^{3}\right)\\&=\pi \left[\left({\frac {2}{3}}r^{3}\right)-\left(-{\frac {2}{3}}r^{3}\right)\right]\\&={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}.\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oberflächeninhalt"><span id="Oberfl.C3.A4cheninhalt"></span><span id="Oberfl.C3.A4che"></span><span id="Oberfläche"></span> Oberflächeninhalt</h3></div>
<p>Die Kugeloberfläche ist die zweidimensionale Fläche, die den Rand der Kugel bildet. Sie ist also die Menge aller Punkte, deren Abstand zum Kugelmittelpunkt einen festen Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> hat.
Sie ist eine <a href="Geschlossene_Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Geschlossene Mannigfaltigkeit">geschlossene, zweidimensionale Mannigfaltigkeit</a>.
</p><p>Ihr Flächeninhalt ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {A}=4\pi {r^{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {A}=4\pi {r^{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59fa00d099092d94125fad6c569fe339ed5f4e83.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.439ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {A}=4\pi {r^{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit gleich groß wie der der <a href="Mantelfl%C3%A4che" title="Mantelfläche">Mantelfläche</a> des <a href="Zylinder_(Geometrie)" title="Zylinder (Geometrie)">Kreiszylinders</a>, der die Kugel umhüllt.
</p><p>Die Kugel hat bei gegebenem Volumen die kleinste Oberfläche – und damit das kleinste <a href="A/V-Verh%C3%A4ltnis" title="A/V-Verhältnis">A/V-Verhältnis</a> – aller möglichen Körper.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geometrische_Herleitung">Geometrische Herleitung</h4></div>
<p>Teilt man eine Kugel auf in:
</p>
<ul><li>Schichten mit einer Höhe von jeweils <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li>„<a href="L%C3%A4ngenkreis" title="Längenkreis">Meridiane</a>“, die am Äquator ebenfalls den Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> zueinander haben</li></ul>
<p>und lässt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> streben,
</p>
<ul><li>so ist die Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> jedes Feldes <a href="Reziproke_Proportionalit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Reziproke Proportionalität">umgekehrt proportional</a> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> – also zu seinem Abstand von der Mittelachse.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Dies wird aus der oberen Zeichnung rechts deutlich: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der Abstand des Tangentialpunktes zur Mittelachse. Die Tangente liegt senkrecht zur „Speiche“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> und die beiden (rechtwinkligen) Dreiecke sind einander <a href="%C3%84hnlichkeit_(Geometrie)" title="Ähnlichkeit (Geometrie)">ähnlich</a>. Demnach gilt:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {r}{x}}\ {d}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {r}{x}}\ {d}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5ede78fec01bd8b681b5a98c21456e0cfd44b88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.068ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {r}{x}}\ {d}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die Breite jedes Feldes hingegen ist proportional zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Dies ergibt sich direkt aus der unteren Zeichnung, „Ansicht von oben“.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Länge multipliziert mit der Breite ist demzufolge stets gleich groß, d. h. alle viereckigen Felder haben denselben Flächeninhalt.
</p><p>Der Flächeninhalt am Äquator beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef0309e83b9f8917fb33be7c0c04fd6d871a4135.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.272ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\cdot d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\cdot d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/113b1dc9fcbf1a0f3ee0984ffd5da722767983e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.902ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\cdot d}" loading="lazy"></span> wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> strebt, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {r}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {r}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/844b25868384a11c8e75855383d79a732f87ed91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:2.166ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {r}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> am Äquator schneller gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> strebt als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p><p>Da alle Felder also den Inhalt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef0309e83b9f8917fb33be7c0c04fd6d871a4135.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.272ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> haben und es insgesamt (Anzahl der Felder in horizontaler Richtung multipliziert mit der Anzahl der Felder in vertikaler Richtung, also) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{Umfang}}{d}}\cdot {\frac {\text{Durchmesser}}{d}}={\frac {2\pi r\cdot 2r}{d^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mtext>Umfang</mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mtext>Durchmesser</mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{Umfang}}{d}}\cdot {\frac {\text{Durchmesser}}{d}}={\frac {2\pi r\cdot 2r}{d^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/420d95f7bf38e1cc68fbd02a6b667617135b2af4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:35.777ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{Umfang}}{d}}\cdot {\frac {\text{Durchmesser}}{d}}={\frac {2\pi r\cdot 2r}{d^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Felder gibt, beträgt der Gesamtflächeninhalt aller Felder: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {A}={4}\pi {r^{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {A}={4}\pi {r^{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d47ce91d01755330bdaa248ca8fdccf283301340.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.439ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {A}={4}\pi {r^{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_Herleitung_mit_Hilfe_des_Kugelvolumens">Alternative Herleitung mit Hilfe des Kugelvolumens</h4></div>
<p>Eine Kugel kann man sich aus unendlich vielen, <a href="Infinitesimalrechnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinitesimalrechnung">infinitesimalen</a> (unendlich kleinen) <a href="Pyramide_(Geometrie)" title="Pyramide (Geometrie)">Pyramiden</a> zusammengesetzt vorstellen. Die Grundflächen dieser Pyramiden ergeben zusammen die Kugeloberfläche; die Höhen der Pyramiden sind jeweils gleich dem Kugelradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da das Pyramiden-Volumen durch die Formel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{P}={\tfrac {1}{3}}Gh}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{P}={\tfrac {1}{3}}Gh}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f2021769ba7253c0735e8a51dd311377fb28c68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:10.744ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{P}={\tfrac {1}{3}}Gh}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben ist, gilt eine entsprechende Beziehung für das Gesamtvolumen aller Pyramiden, also das Kugelvolumen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{3}}A_{O}r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{3}}A_{O}r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4dbdb49753626bcb4291decafd9010e7af9fcfdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.162ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{3}}A_{O}r}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{O}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{O}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92e1368a0ac93d17bb752b429f6ea23f5b37d2a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.229ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{O}}" loading="lazy"></span> = Gesamtoberfläche der Kugel)</dd></dl>
<p>Wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a50832bf030cc61108ffcbc69efd2ac66c0307f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:9.979ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {1}{3}}A_{O}r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {1}{3}}A_{O}r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d09693f10d981ab48e901201ef4c2b927eea15e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.808ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {1}{3}}A_{O}r}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{O}=4\pi r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{O}=4\pi r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7503a9efdedfb3a63441dad49ffb235b95f45a5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.925ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{O}=4\pi r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_Herleitung_mit_Hilfe_des_Kugelvolumens_und_der_Differentialrechnung">Alternative Herleitung mit Hilfe des Kugelvolumens und der Differentialrechnung</h4></div>
<p>Da das Kugelvolumen mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07808adf2ca4b2aeb69b6c15fb6251a3a3617c91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.319ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definiert ist und andererseits die Oberfläche eine Veränderung des Volumens laut
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{O}={\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} r}}=4\pi r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{O}={\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} r}}=4\pi r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f48b2dfa00d2a58b91d8085c1eb1e86d1bf5538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.939ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{O}={\frac {\mathrm {d} V}{\mathrm {d} r}}=4\pi r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist, ergibt sich die Oberflächenformel sofort aus der Ableitung der Volumenformel.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herleitung_mit_Hilfe_der_Integralrechnung_2">Herleitung mit Hilfe der Integralrechnung</h4></div>
<p>Aus der ersten <a href="Rotationsk%C3%B6rper" title="Rotationskörper">Guldin’schen Regel</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{O}=2\pi \int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+(f'(x))^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{O}=2\pi \int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+(f'(x))^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2fd58cddaea168f6ddf19c830143dff9ff56e02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:33.551ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{O}=2\pi \int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+(f'(x))^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die Mantelfläche eines Rotationskörpers ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{O}&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {-x}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {\frac {r^{2}}{r^{2}-x^{2}}}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}r\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi r\int \limits _{-r}^{r}1\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=4\pi r^{2}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{O}&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {-x}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {\frac {r^{2}}{r^{2}-x^{2}}}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}r\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi r\int \limits _{-r}^{r}1\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=4\pi r^{2}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30ad309f78bee43e4b759cd7c5c0ee5ec8f66b7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -19.338ex; width:46.881ex; height:39.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{O}&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {-x}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}{\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {\frac {r^{2}}{r^{2}-x^{2}}}}\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi \int \limits _{-r}^{r}r\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=2\pi r\int \limits _{-r}^{r}1\,\mathrm {d} x\\&=4\pi r^{2}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herleitung_mit_Hilfe_der_Integralrechnung_in_Kugelkoordinaten">Herleitung mit Hilfe der Integralrechnung in Kugelkoordinaten</h4></div>
<p>Für das Flächenelement auf Flächen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> = konstant gilt in Kugelkoordinaten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} A=r^{2}\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} A=r^{2}\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83c069b329ffd28eb08b816c1970a7fe30631d11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.927ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} A=r^{2}\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Damit lässt sich die Oberfläche einfach berechnen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{O}&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }1\,\mathrm {d} A\\&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }r^{2}\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&=2\pi r^{2}\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \\&=4\pi r^{2}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<munderover>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{O}&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }1\,\mathrm {d} A\\&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }r^{2}\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&=2\pi r^{2}\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \\&=4\pi r^{2}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf6a4a1e2c1a5ebdd8c06a1ca70937e29bff2918.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -14.838ex; width:25.405ex; height:30.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{O}&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }1\,\mathrm {d} A\\&=\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }r^{2}\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&=2\pi r^{2}\int \limits _{0}^{\pi }\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \\&=4\pi r^{2}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<ul><li>Die Kugel besitzt unendlich viele <a href="Symmetrie_(Geometrie)" title="Symmetrie (Geometrie)">Symmetrieebenen</a>, nämlich die <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebenen</a> durch den Kugelmittelpunkt. Ferner ist die Kugel <a href="Drehsymmetrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehsymmetrie">drehsymmetrisch</a> bezüglich jeder Achse durch den Mittelpunkt und jedes Drehwinkels und <a href="Punktsymmetrie" title="Punktsymmetrie">punktsymmetrisch</a> bezüglich ihres Mittelpunktes.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Die Kugel besitzt weder Kanten noch Ecken. Ihre Oberfläche lässt sich nicht verzerrungsfrei in der Ebene ausbreiten. Die Kartographie ist davon betroffen, siehe dazu auch den Artikel <a href="Kartennetzentwurf" title="Kartennetzentwurf">Kartennetzentwurf</a>.</li>
<li>In der <a href="Differentialgeometrie" title="Differentialgeometrie">Differentialgeometrie</a> hat eine Kugel mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> an jedem Punkt der Oberfläche die <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsche_Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Gaußsche Krümmung">gaußsche Krümmung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{r^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{r^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55f8b1d6e90b60ab1e8baf5420ec2d91a51b7ffd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:2.409ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{r^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Auch hieraus folgt, dass die Kugel nicht verzerrungsfrei auf die Ebene (Krümmung 0) abgebildet werden kann.</li>
<li>Die kürzeste Entfernung zwischen zwei Punkten auf der Oberfläche der Kugel (<a href="Geod%C3%A4te" title="Geodäte">Geodäte</a>) liegt auf einem <a href="Gro%C3%9Fkreis" title="Großkreis">Großkreis</a>, also einem Kreis durch den Mittelpunkt der Kugel. Geodäten auf der Erdkugel liegen zum Beispiel auf den Längenkreisen, nicht aber auf den Breitenkreisen – mit Ausnahme des Äquators.</li>
<li>Durch die <a href="Stereografische_Projektion" title="Stereografische Projektion">stereografische Projektion</a> kann die Kugel – bis auf den „Nordpol“ – <a href="Bijektive_Funktion" title="Bijektive Funktion">bijektiv</a> auf die Ebene abgebildet werden. Dadurch kann z. B. der <a href="Vier-Farben-Satz" title="Vier-Farben-Satz">Vier-Farben-Satz</a> auf die Kugel übertragen werden. Durch die umgekehrte Abbildung kann die Ebene bijektiv auf die Kugeloberfläche ohne „Nordpol“ abgebildet werden, der „Nordpol“ steht dann für den <a href="Fernelement" title="Fernelement">„unendlich fernen Punkt“</a>. In der <a href="Funktionentheorie" title="Funktionentheorie">Funktionentheorie</a> wird auf diese Art die <a href="Komplexe_Zahlenebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Zahlenebene">komplexe Zahlenebene</a> auf die Kugel übertragen (<a href="Riemannsche_Zahlenkugel" title="Riemannsche Zahlenkugel">riemannsche Zahlenkugel</a>), sie ist damit eine <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakte</a> <a href="Riemannsche_Fl%C3%A4che" title="Riemannsche Fläche">riemannsche Fläche</a> vom <a href="Topologisches_Geschlecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Topologisches Geschlecht">Geschlecht</a> 0.</li>
<li>Die Kugel hat die kleinste Oberfläche von allen Körpern mit einem vorgegebenen Volumen. Von allen Körpern mit vorgegebener Oberfläche umschließt sie das größte Volumen. Aus diesem Grund tritt die Kugel auch in der Natur auf: Blasen (siehe <a href="Seifenblase" title="Seifenblase">Seifenblase</a>) und <a href="Wassertropfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wassertropfen">Wassertropfen</a> sind Kugeln (ohne Berücksichtigung der <a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a>), weil die <a href="Oberfl%C3%A4chenspannung" title="Oberflächenspannung">Oberflächenspannung</a> versucht, die Oberfläche zu minimieren. <a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planeten</a> sind näherungsweise Kugeln, weil sie bei ihrer Entstehung flüssig waren und die Kugel die Form mit der größten Gravitations<a href="Bindungsenergie" title="Bindungsenergie">bindungsenergie</a> ist. Die mathematische Kugel ist eine Idealform. In der Natur auftretende Kugeln haben stets nur näherungsweise Kugelform.</li>
<li>Das Verhältnis des Volumens einer Kugel mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> zum Volumen des umbeschriebenen Zylinders (Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>, Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> = <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb337de6fbd1ab48176084f9c4534b8c55847042.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2r}" loading="lazy"></span>, siehe Bild) ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2:3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>:</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2:3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1653945a794daa06445e2f916a970d4093cb53fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2:3}" loading="lazy"></span>. <a href="Buch_der_Lemmata#Weiteres_archimedisches_Werk_aus_der_Stereometrie" title="Buch der Lemmata">Das</a>, sowie die Oberflächen- und Volumenformeln waren bereits dem Griechen <a href="Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> in der Antike bekannt.</li>
<li>Eine Kugel kann auch als <a href="Rotationsk%C3%B6rper" title="Rotationskörper">Rotationskörper</a> aufgefasst werden: Lässt man eine <a href="Kreis_(Geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis (Geometrie)">Halbkreisfläche</a> um ihren <a href="Durchmesser" title="Durchmesser">Durchmesser</a> <a href="Rotationsbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationsbewegung">rotieren</a>, so entsteht dadurch eine Kugel. Wird der Kreis durch eine <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> ersetzt, die um eine ihrer Achsen rotiert, ergibt sich ein <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a> (auch <a href="Sph%C3%A4roid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphäroid">Sphäroid</a> genannt).</li>
<li>Die Kugel <a href="Rollen" title="Rollen">rollt</a> auf einer <a href="Schiefe_Ebene" title="Schiefe Ebene">schiefen Ebene</a> selbsttätig abwärts oder sie kann auf einer Fläche durch äußere <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Krafteinwirkung</a> in <i>allen</i> Richtungen gerollt werden. In der Technik findet man industriell gefertigte (geschliffene) Kugeln schon seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in <a href="W%C3%A4lzlager" title="Wälzlager">Rillenkugellagern</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verallgemeinerung">Verallgemeinerung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Höherdimensionale_euklidische_Räume"><span id="H.C3.B6herdimensionale_euklidische_R.C3.A4ume"></span>Höherdimensionale euklidische Räume</h3></div>
<p>Der Begriff der Kugel lässt sich auf Räume anderer <a href="Dimension_(Mathematik)" title="Dimension (Mathematik)">Dimension</a> übertragen. Analog zur dreidimensionalen Vollkugel ist für eine <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürliche Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span><i>‑dimensionale Kugel</i> definiert als Menge aller Punkte des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen euklidischen Raumes, deren Abstand zu einem gegebenen Punkt (dem Mittelpunkt) kleiner gleich einer positiven reellen Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> (dem Radius) ist. Den <a href="Rand_(Topologie)" title="Rand (Topologie)">Rand</a> der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Kugel, also die Menge aller Punkte, deren Abstand vom Mittelpunkt gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, bezeichnet man als <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionale Sphäre</i> oder kurz <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑Sphäre</i>. Wenn man ohne weitere Angaben von <i>der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Kugel</i> spricht, meint man meist die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionale <a href="Einheitskugel" title="Einheitskugel">Einheitskugel</a>; in diesem Fall liegt der Mittelpunkt im Ursprung des Koordinatensystems und der Radius ist gleich 1.
</p><p>Nach dieser Definition ist eine dreidimensionale Kugel also eine gewöhnliche Kugel; ihre Oberfläche entspricht einer 2‑Sphäre. Eine zweidimensionale Kugel ist eine Kreisfläche, der zugehörige Kreisrand eine 1‑Sphäre. Eine eindimensionale Kugel schließlich ist eine <a href="Strecke_(Geometrie)" title="Strecke (Geometrie)">Strecke</a>, wobei die beiden Streckenendpunkte als 0‑Sphäre aufgefasst werden können.
</p><p>Hinweis: Diese Begriffe werden nicht einheitlich verwendet. Sphären im Sinne der hier gegebenen Definition werden zuweilen Kugeln genannt. Außerdem sprechen manche Autoren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑Sphären, wenn sie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionale Sphären im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Raum meinen.
</p><p>Das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale Volumen einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Kugel mit dem Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=r^{n}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=r^{n}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a09a71826b4fac82184b85bb2998bd5d1a03583.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:20.721ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=r^{n}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Gammafunktion" title="Gammafunktion">Gammafunktion</a>, eine kontinuierliche Erweiterung der <a href="Fakult%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" title="Fakultät (Mathematik)">Fakultät</a>.
</p><p>Die Schnittfläche einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Kugel im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen <a href="Euklidischer_Raum" title="Euklidischer Raum">euklidischen Raum</a> mit einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen <a href="Hyperebene" title="Hyperebene">Hyperebene</a> ist eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionale Kugel mit dem Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63fff8929d568e6d888906a32e4b2119931cf4e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.651ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Abstand</a> der Hyperebene vom <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a> der Kugel ist. Das Volumen der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Kugel ist daher das <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> über allen parallelen Schnittflächen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=\int _{-r}^{r}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}\right)\mathrm {d} x=r^{n-1}\int _{-r}^{r}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}}}\right)\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=\int _{-r}^{r}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}\right)\mathrm {d} x=r^{n-1}\int _{-r}^{r}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}}}\right)\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4427aff2ef9331ec4abd47d2f4a4cea3cfd7d7cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:68.558ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=\int _{-r}^{r}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}\right)\mathrm {d} x=r^{n-1}\int _{-r}^{r}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}}}\right)\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus der <a href="Substitution_(Mathematik)" title="Substitution (Mathematik)">Substitution</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t:={\tfrac {x}{r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t:={\tfrac {x}{r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d499bd63e94dc7d6ccfc4aacd0036750686a2d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.361ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t:={\tfrac {x}{r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=r^{n}\int _{-1}^{1}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {1-t^{2}}}\right)dt=r^{n}V_{n}(1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=r^{n}\int _{-1}^{1}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {1-t^{2}}}\right)dt=r^{n}V_{n}(1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a660966a96cf49566c58821129a5eb8c751ca462.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.608ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)=r^{n}\int _{-1}^{1}V_{n-1}\left({\sqrt {1-t^{2}}}\right)dt=r^{n}V_{n}(1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Also ist das Volumen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7f881d98a2e9eecf4fd823eb9b2692d84835a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.432ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{n}(r)}" loading="lazy"></span> proportial zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed76b0221f301ea11e131707b3851a74e6aa1f26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.267ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Mit <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Induktion" title="Vollständige Induktion">vollständiger Induktion</a> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt, dass das Volumen für alle Dimensionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> proportial zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed76b0221f301ea11e131707b3851a74e6aa1f26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.267ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p><p>Ein Beweis der Rekursionsformel, die das Volumen einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Kugel mit dem einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff40d66ad535411eedb9c686a9008a5089c35ac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-2}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Kugel verknüpft, lässt sich mithilfe der obigen Formel und Integration in <a href="Zylinderkoordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</a> führen. Man legt eine <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> durch den <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a> der Kugel. Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Abstand</a> zwischen einem Punkt in der Ebene und dem Mittelpunkt der Kugel, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Azimut" title="Azimut">Azimut</a>. Der Schnitt der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Kugel mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff40d66ad535411eedb9c686a9008a5089c35ac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-2}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Ebene, die durch einen festen <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> und einen festen Azimut definiert ist, ergibt eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff40d66ad535411eedb9c686a9008a5089c35ac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-2}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale Kugel mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63fff8929d568e6d888906a32e4b2119931cf4e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.651ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Volumen der Kugel lässt sich daher als iteriertes Integral der Volumina der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff40d66ad535411eedb9c686a9008a5089c35ac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-2}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Kugeln über die möglichen Radien und Azimute darstellen.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{n}(r)=\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{r}V_{n-2}\left({\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}\right)x\ dx\ d\theta \\=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\int _{0}^{r}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n-2}{2}}x\ dx\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{n}(r)=\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{r}V_{n-2}\left({\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}\right)x\ dx\ d\theta \\=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\int _{0}^{r}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n-2}{2}}x\ dx\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37fdd6bc78660ef374a50f909b9fb486fff83672.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.338ex; width:43.172ex; height:13.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{n}(r)=\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{r}V_{n-2}\left({\sqrt {r^{2}-x^{2}}}\right)x\ dx\ d\theta \\=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\int _{0}^{r}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n-2}{2}}x\ dx\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> kann durch die <a href="Integration_durch_Substitution" title="Integration durch Substitution">Substitution</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t:=1-\left({\tfrac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t:=1-\left({\tfrac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02b163a93926c65e345aea76f3e82b83b2e189d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.548ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t:=1-\left({\tfrac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ausgewertet werden. Dadurch erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{n}(r)&=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\cdot \left[{\frac {1}{\frac {n}{2}}}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}x\left({\frac {1}{\frac {-2\cdot x}{r^{2}}}}\right)\right]_{0}^{r}\\&=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\cdot \left[-{\frac {x^{2}}{n}}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}\right]_{0}^{r}\\&={\frac {2\pi r^{2}}{n}}V_{n-2}(R)\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
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<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
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<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
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</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{n}(r)&=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\cdot \left[{\frac {1}{\frac {n}{2}}}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}x\left({\frac {1}{\frac {-2\cdot x}{r^{2}}}}\right)\right]_{0}^{r}\\&=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\cdot \left[-{\frac {x^{2}}{n}}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}\right]_{0}^{r}\\&={\frac {2\pi r^{2}}{n}}V_{n-2}(R)\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cac5530739c8ffa4597c9d3bffb0bbe05aac66d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.596ex; margin-bottom: -0.242ex; width:54.043ex; height:22.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{n}(r)&=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\cdot \left[{\frac {1}{\frac {n}{2}}}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}x\left({\frac {1}{\frac {-2\cdot x}{r^{2}}}}\right)\right]_{0}^{r}\\&=2\pi V_{n-2}(r)\cdot \left[-{\frac {x^{2}}{n}}\left(1-\left({\frac {x}{r}}\right)^{2}\right)^{\frac {n}{2}}\right]_{0}^{r}\\&={\frac {2\pi r^{2}}{n}}V_{n-2}(R)\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ebenso lässt sich die Volumenformel mit <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Induktion" title="Vollständige Induktion">vollständiger Induktion</a> beweisen. Die Induktionsanfangsfälle sind die 0-dimensionale Kugel und die 1-dimensionale Kugel, deren Existenz sich direkt mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma (1)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma (1)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8174f8669568437784ccef9f417d2954e3801147.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.685ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma (1)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\tfrac {3}{2}}\right)={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)={\tfrac {\sqrt {\pi }}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\tfrac {3}{2}}\right)={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)={\tfrac {\sqrt {\pi }}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ec3097d86041a12e0420429c0eec56c341cde94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.582ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\tfrac {3}{2}}\right)={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)={\tfrac {\sqrt {\pi }}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> überprüfen lässt. Der Induktionsschritt ist analog, nur dass anstelle der Proportionalität der Volumina der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff40d66ad535411eedb9c686a9008a5089c35ac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-2}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen Kugeln die Induktionsvoraussetzung angewendet wird.
</p><p>Den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Inhalt der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑dimensionalen Oberfläche, also der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>‑Sphäre erhält man durch <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> des Volumens nach dem Radius:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O_{n}(r)=nr^{n-1}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}}=2r^{n-1}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>O</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O_{n}(r)=nr^{n-1}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}}=2r^{n-1}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9627161b65880e6490790941a63c3229ffeb4629.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:39.183ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O_{n}(r)=nr^{n-1}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}}+1)}}=2r^{n-1}{\frac {\pi ^{n/2}}{\Gamma ({\frac {n}{2}})}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für eine Einheitskugel in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Dimensionen findet man also folgende Volumen und Oberflächeninhalte:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Dimensionen</th>
<th>1</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>3</th>
<th>4</th>
<th>5</th>
<th>6</th>
<th>7</th>
<th>8</th>
<th>9</th>
<th>10</th>
<th>…</th>
<th>n=2m</th>
<th>n=2m+1
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Volumen
</th>
<td>2</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {4\pi }{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {4\pi }{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e505e12e632927f1a44b2c2b53502098eeaa337.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.331ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {4\pi }{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4aab35297d98097c670d5a1d8d98210670079fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.225ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{15}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{15}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64036c7058cdf3988d9c298352237f4e8a57bca9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:4.387ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{15}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{3}}{6}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{3}}{6}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fad33cba83ae29d680b975f5a7a4d11a5ff0cceb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.225ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{3}}{6}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {16\pi ^{3}}{105}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>105</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {16\pi ^{3}}{105}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b3af256672f678a607d45d0796329efbfaa93c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.549ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {16\pi ^{3}}{105}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{4}}{24}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>24</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{4}}{24}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08e504c78f0316954925b7d6014f3062bfabe668.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.225ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{4}}{24}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {32\pi ^{4}}{945}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>32</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>945</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {32\pi ^{4}}{945}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9392f7eb3fff43474b6c38733e70e23db53bd34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:5.549ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {32\pi ^{4}}{945}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{5}}{120}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>120</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{5}}{120}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1c17c67ee70cf90355721f6dd0bba028e833276.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:4.323ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{5}}{120}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>…</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{m}}{m!}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{m}}{m!}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59db384802d807723e2b655a4983cd5b5ac8614d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.845ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{m}}{m!}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2^{m+1}\pi ^{m}}{1\cdot 3\cdot \ldots \cdot (2m+1)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2^{m+1}\pi ^{m}}{1\cdot 3\cdot \ldots \cdot (2m+1)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db6713a07e3638b038c172c796159aeeea23f1e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.937ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2^{m+1}\pi ^{m}}{1\cdot 3\cdot \ldots \cdot (2m+1)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Oberfläche
</th>
<td>2</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73efd1f6493490b058097060a572606d2c550a06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/057444bf35a0c22b19bcae1ef06e06ecdf8abe56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4\pi }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cb46bf22f0eb39e3a39bba310ba6437e8061754.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.551ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b28cda85f302a483643d79699f6ead9040c1b209.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:4.387ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {8\pi ^{2}}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f6b28d4d8e575ad755a4728ecfe26776a30ae04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.388ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {16\pi ^{3}}{15}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {16\pi ^{3}}{15}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f959c19b64f890490f0fd9f22255a589f4d565fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.549ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {16\pi ^{3}}{15}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{4}}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{4}}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0777f2b921529be463abcce6c78e5c9d7cff68fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.225ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{4}}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {32\pi ^{4}}{105}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>32</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>105</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {32\pi ^{4}}{105}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00202f22277780272a19a0ee624866cbfab58bf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.549ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {32\pi ^{4}}{105}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{5}}{12}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>12</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{5}}{12}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c46406559490bf2c172b24889ec231a8f9f4d1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.225ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{5}}{12}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>…</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi ^{m}}{(m-1)!}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi ^{m}}{(m-1)!}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57bc5634e45c7b8d784057e58eb68422b1e2801a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:9.336ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi ^{m}}{(m-1)!}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2^{m+1}\pi ^{m}}{1\cdot 3\cdot \ldots \cdot (2m-1)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2^{m+1}\pi ^{m}}{1\cdot 3\cdot \ldots \cdot (2m-1)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17c44589fcb0f0b9bd2543073b4fae52c2918380.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.937ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2^{m+1}\pi ^{m}}{1\cdot 3\cdot \ldots \cdot (2m-1)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-Sphäre ist ein Beispiel einer kompakten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Mannigfaltigkeit">Mannigfaltigkeit</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metrische_Räume"><span id="Metrische_R.C3.A4ume"></span>Metrische Räume</h3></div>
<p>Den Begriff der Kugel kann man auf alle Räume verallgemeinern, in denen man einen Abstandsbegriff hat (also auf alle <a href="Metrischer_Raum" title="Metrischer Raum">metrischen Räume</a>).
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,d)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,d)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb4d7a16bca9e216c0221b43a1c3377aa5e358b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.039ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,d)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein metrischer Raum, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6201478b1190a333ea731849684429a697638dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.05ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79ada4fd070acfeeee62081f256be1c106346359.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.567ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23cbbcd53bd13620bc53490e3eec42790850b452.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.31ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r>0}" loading="lazy"></span>, so nennt man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B(a,r)=\{x\in X\mid d(a,x)<r\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B(a,r)=\{x\in X\mid d(a,x)<r\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e16e55b5343ae6a6ad41f5129f14c6dceabaa80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B(a,r)=\{x\in X\mid d(a,x)<r\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die <i>offene Kugel</i> mit Mittelpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die Menge:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {B}}(a,r)=\{x\in X\mid d(a,x)\leq r\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {B}}(a,r)=\{x\in X\mid d(a,x)\leq r\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c513846d8340f93ec4d1a2b03ce2fca67c26e8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.277ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {B}}(a,r)=\{x\in X\mid d(a,x)\leq r\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt <i>abgeschlossene Kugel</i>.
</p><p>Manche Autoren schreiben auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(a,r)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(a,r)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0026e79ab561b6d474b0e93bfb217ae6d143b22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.904ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(a,r)}" loading="lazy"></span> für die offenen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B(a,r)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B(a,r)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d65752bb841eb20bc3668a1fcdc08a01a3c2c54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.886ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B(a,r)}" loading="lazy"></span> für die abgeschlossenen Kugeln.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andere Schreibweisen für die offenen Kugeln sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{r}(a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{r}(a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67468350120a5a5ba9f125b8a3c66438320cc6e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.777ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{r}(a)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{r}(a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{r}(a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca7f84d14bcb2d336cd6921dcdbb43dde3566976.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{r}(a)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dichteste_Kugelpackung">Dichteste Kugelpackung</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Dichteste_Kugelpackung" title="Dichteste Kugelpackung">Dichteste Kugelpackung</a></i></div>
<p>Die dichteste Kugelpackung ist diejenige <a href="Geometrie" title="Geometrie">gegenseitige</a> Anordnung gleich großer Kugeln, die den kleinsten <a href="Raum_(Mathematik)" title="Raum (Mathematik)">Raum</a> beansprucht. Der leere Raum zwischen den dichtest gepackten Kugeln nimmt nur etwa 26 % des Gesamtraumes ein, bzw. die <a href="Packungsdichte_(Kristallographie)" title="Packungsdichte (Kristallographie)">Packungsdichte</a> beträgt etwa <a href="Packungsdichte_(Kristallographie)#Kubisch_flächenzentrierte_Packung" title="Packungsdichte (Kristallographie)">74 %</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {2}}}}\approx 0{,}74048\approx 74\,\%}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>0,740</mn>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>74</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">%<!-- % --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {2}}}}\approx 0{,}74048\approx 74\,\%}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2e48d1152728e90b7fb67934b0250c83229ef2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:23.563ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {2}}}}\approx 0{,}74048\approx 74\,\%}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<p>Diese Anordnung kann auf zweierlei Art beschrieben werden:<br>
Sie besteht aus ebenen Schichten aus sich berührenden Kugeln,
</p>
<dl><dd><ol><li>von denen jede von sechs benachbarten Kugeln und von je drei Kugeln aus der Schicht darüber und aus der darunter berührt wird,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder</li>
<li>von denen jede von vier benachbarten Kugeln und von je vier Kugeln aus der Schicht darüber und aus der darunter berührt wird.<br></li></ol></dd></dl>
<p>Die erste der beiden Beschreibungen ist die bevorzugt gebrauchte. Die darin enthaltene Schicht wird als <i><a href="Sechseck" title="Sechseck">hexagonale</a> (regelmäßig sechseckige) Kugel-Schicht</i>, die im zweiten Fall als <i><a href="Quadrat" title="Quadrat">tetragonale</a> (quadratische) Kugel-Schicht</i> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolik">Symbolik</h2></div>
<p>Die Kugelform gilt seit altersher als „vollkommene Form“. Erst seit dem Aufkommen der <a href="Drechseln" title="Drechseln">Drechseltechniken</a> war sie – zumindest aus Holz oder weichem Stein – nahezu perfekt herzustellen. Später wurde sie zu einem Sinnbild der <a href="Unendlichkeit" title="Unendlichkeit">Unendlichkeit</a> (manchmal auch des Kosmos). Mit dem Aufkommen von <a href="Feuerwaffe" title="Feuerwaffe">Feuerwaffen</a> wurden <a href="Kanonenkugel" title="Kanonenkugel">Kanonen-</a> und Gewehrkugeln immer mehr auch zu einem Inbegriff von Stärke und Macht (siehe auch: <a href="Kugel_(Heraldik)" title="Kugel (Heraldik)">Kugel (Heraldik)</a>). Im Bereich der <a href="Waffe" title="Waffe">Waffentechnik</a> benutzt man den Begriff Kugel auch heute noch für <a href="B%C3%BCchse" title="Büchse">Büchsenmunition</a>, obwohl diese oft nicht mehr die geometrische Form einer Kugel aufweisen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsbeispiele">Anwendungsbeispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erde,_Mond_und_Mars"><span id="Erde.2C_Mond_und_Mars"></span>Erde, Mond und Mars</h3></div>
<p>Die Erde, der Mond und der Mars haben annähernd die Form einer Kugel.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erde">Erde</h4></div>
<p>Die Erde hat den mittleren <a href="Durchmesser" title="Durchmesser">Durchmesser</a> 12742 km, also den mittleren <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=6371\ \mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6371</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=6371\ \mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9ef0b18ee98b2099d0f4d39abac24378333dd78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.541ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=6371\ \mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> der Erde beträgt etwa 5,9724 · 10<sup>24</sup> kg. Daraus ergibt sich mithilfe der oben genannten <a href="Mathematische_Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Formel">Formeln</a> für das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a>, die mittlere <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> und die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Volumen</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (6371\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 1{,}0832\cdot 10^{12}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6371</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1,083</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (6371\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 1{,}0832\cdot 10^{12}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf2acb1e71ff6adbd5493188fa83b98097da1791.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:54.958ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (6371\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 1{,}0832\cdot 10^{12}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><b>Mittlere Dichte</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {5{,}9724\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}0832\cdot 10^{12}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {5{,}9724\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}0832\cdot 10^{21}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 5514\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5,972</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>24</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1,083</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5,972</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>24</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1,083</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>5514</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {5{,}9724\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}0832\cdot 10^{12}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {5{,}9724\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}0832\cdot 10^{21}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 5514\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d42d0b0470e110edb9facca6100502706d1baed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:62.965ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {5{,}9724\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}0832\cdot 10^{12}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {5{,}9724\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}0832\cdot 10^{21}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 5514\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Die Erde hat also im Durchschnitt eine etwa fünfeinhalb Mal so hohe <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> wie Wasser unter <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Oberfläche</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (6371\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 5{,}101\cdot 10^{8}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6371</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>5,101</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (6371\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 5{,}101\cdot 10^{8}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36b2678e33821da3c6aeab95795f7cd05f676f35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.257ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (6371\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 5{,}101\cdot 10^{8}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mond">Mond</h4></div>
<p>Der Mond hat den mittleren <a href="Durchmesser" title="Durchmesser">Durchmesser</a> 3474 km, also den mittleren <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=1737\ \mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1737</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=1737\ \mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2862cb9e6a427e3364c7c31a14865c1279205bf0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.541ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=1737\ \mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> des Mondes beträgt etwa 7,346 · 10<sup>22</sup> kg. Daraus ergibt sich:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Volumen</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (1737\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 2{,}1958\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1737</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>2,195</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (1737\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 2{,}1958\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6874c99c4183e4c4edac408200c402b1649685f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:54.958ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (1737\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 2{,}1958\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Das ist etwa 2,0 Prozent des <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumens</a> der Erde.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Mittlere Dichte</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {7{,}346\cdot 10^{22}\ \mathrm {kg} }{2{,}1958\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {7{,}346\cdot 10^{22}\ \mathrm {kg} }{2{,}1958\cdot 10^{19}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 3345\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>7,346</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2,195</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>7,346</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2,195</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>19</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>3345</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {7{,}346\cdot 10^{22}\ \mathrm {kg} }{2{,}1958\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {7{,}346\cdot 10^{22}\ \mathrm {kg} }{2{,}1958\cdot 10^{19}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 3345\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c6dfead1536cb13988c6ff139c68643608897eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:62.965ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {7{,}346\cdot 10^{22}\ \mathrm {kg} }{2{,}1958\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {7{,}346\cdot 10^{22}\ \mathrm {kg} }{2{,}1958\cdot 10^{19}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 3345\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Der Mond hat also im Durchschnitt eine gut 3,3 Mal so hohe <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> wie Wasser unter <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Oberfläche</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (1737\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 3{,}793\cdot 10^{7}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1737</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>3,793</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (1737\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 3{,}793\cdot 10^{7}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a9d470b3c657f7f7052208fb30f0d49ebb0d400.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.257ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (1737\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 3{,}793\cdot 10^{7}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Das ist etwa 7,4 Prozent der <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a> der Erde.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mars">Mars</h4></div>
<p>Der Mars hat den mittleren <a href="Durchmesser" title="Durchmesser">Durchmesser</a> 6780 km, also den mittleren <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=3390\ \mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3390</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=3390\ \mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12cef699d803b0e914a4d4e784ec08a0c6eb8b5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.541ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=3390\ \mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> des Mars beträgt etwa 6,417 · 10<sup>23</sup> kg. Daraus ergibt sich:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Volumen</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (3390\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 1{,}6318\cdot 10^{11}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3390</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1,631</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (3390\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 1{,}6318\cdot 10^{11}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8407e2dd05ddcf69177eb5a03525b724fa5ea26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:54.958ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (3390\ \mathrm {km} )^{3}\approx 1{,}6318\cdot 10^{11}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Das ist etwa 15,1 Prozent des <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumens</a> der Erde.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Mittlere Dichte</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {6{,}417\cdot 10^{23}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}6318\cdot 10^{11}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {6{,}417\cdot 10^{23}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}6318\cdot 10^{20}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 3933\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>6,417</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>23</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1,631</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>6,417</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>23</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1,631</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>20</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>3933</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {6{,}417\cdot 10^{23}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}6318\cdot 10^{11}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {6{,}417\cdot 10^{23}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}6318\cdot 10^{20}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 3933\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11a69a20be1c218dfbb500830f989eb334f0db41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:62.965ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {6{,}417\cdot 10^{23}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}6318\cdot 10^{11}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {6{,}417\cdot 10^{23}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}6318\cdot 10^{20}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 3933\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Der Mars hat also im Durchschnitt eine knapp vier Mal so hohe <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> wie Wasser unter <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Oberfläche</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (3390\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 1{,}448\cdot 10^{8}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3390</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1,448</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (3390\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 1{,}448\cdot 10^{8}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5cfbcc3027bcfb3e3116e8edd778f8d47d31ab3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.257ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=4\cdot \pi \cdot r^{2}=4\cdot \pi \cdot (3390\ \mathrm {km} )^{2}\approx 1{,}448\cdot 10^{8}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Das ist etwa 28,4 Prozent der <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a> der Erde.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Der_Fußball_und_andere_Bälle"><span id="Der_Fu.C3.9Fball_und_andere_B.C3.A4lle"></span>Der Fußball und andere Bälle</h3></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Fu%C3%9Fball_(Sportger%C3%A4t)" title="Fußball (Sportgerät)">Fußball</a> ist kugelförmig und hat einen <a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a> von etwa 68 <a href="Zentimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentimeter">Zentimetern</a>, also einen <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\frac {68\ \mathrm {cm} }{2\cdot \pi }}\approx 10{,}8\ \mathrm {cm} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>68</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\frac {68\ \mathrm {cm} }{2\cdot \pi }}\approx 10{,}8\ \mathrm {cm} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/093c820ab5365a11f1a6fd17caed8e5c957ada19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.639ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\frac {68\ \mathrm {cm} }{2\cdot \pi }}\approx 10{,}8\ \mathrm {cm} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> eines Fußballs beträgt etwa 410 <a href="Gramm" title="Gramm">Gramm</a>. Daraus ergibt sich:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Volumen</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (10{,}8\ \mathrm {cm} )^{3}\approx 5{,}28\cdot 10^{3}\ \mathrm {cm^{3}} =5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>28</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>28</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (10{,}8\ \mathrm {cm} )^{3}\approx 5{,}28\cdot 10^{3}\ \mathrm {cm^{3}} =5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19843a3c9c1991a89a01ed7beb7fa964b6030e2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:68.046ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot (10{,}8\ \mathrm {cm} )^{3}\approx 5{,}28\cdot 10^{3}\ \mathrm {cm^{3}} =5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><b>Mittlere Dichte</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {410\ \mathrm {g} }{5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}={\frac {0{,}41\ \mathrm {kg} }{5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 78\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>410</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
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</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>28</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>41</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>28</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
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</mfrac>
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<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>78</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
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<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {410\ \mathrm {g} }{5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}={\frac {0{,}41\ \mathrm {kg} }{5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 78\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/004bd6ed77fa006c2035af0dd22d16066cd2222b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:55.676ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {410\ \mathrm {g} }{5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}={\frac {0{,}41\ \mathrm {kg} }{5{,}28\cdot 10^{-3}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 78\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Die folgende Tabelle zeigt den <a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a>, das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a>, die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> und die mittlere <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> (ungefähre Werte) von verschiedenen <a href="Ball" title="Ball">Bällen</a> im Vergleich:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="Umfang_(Geometrie)" title="Umfang (Geometrie)">Umfang</a></th>
<th><a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a></th>
<th><a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a></th>
<th>Mittlere <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Fu%C3%9Fball_(Sportger%C3%A4t)" title="Fußball (Sportgerät)">Fußball</a>
</th>
<td>68 cm
</td>
<td>5,28 · 10<sup>−3</sup> m<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>410 g</td>
<td>78 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Handball#Spielball" title="Handball">Handball</a>
</th>
<td>58 cm
</td>
<td>3,29 · 10<sup>−3</sup> m<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td>425 g
</td>
<td>129 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Basketball_(Sportger%C3%A4t)" title="Basketball (Sportgerät)">Basketball</a>
</th>
<td>74,9 cm
</td>
<td>7,10 · 10<sup>−3</sup> m<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>567 g</td>
<td>80 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Volleyball_(Sportger%C3%A4t)" title="Volleyball (Sportgerät)">Volleyball</a>
</th>
<td>65 cm
</td>
<td>4,64 · 10<sup>−3</sup> m<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td>260 g
</td>
<td>56 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Tennisball" title="Tennisball">Tennisball</a>
</th>
<td>20,5 cm
</td>
<td>1,46 · 10<sup>−4</sup> m<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td>56,7 g
</td>
<td>388 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Tischtennisball" title="Tischtennisball">Tischtennisball</a>
</th>
<td>12,6 cm
</td>
<td>3,35 · 10<sup>−5</sup> m<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td>2,7 g
</td>
<td>81 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Golfball" title="Golfball">Golfball</a>
</th>
<td>13,4 cm
</td>
<td>4,07 · 10<sup>−5</sup> m<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td>45,9 g
</td>
<td>1128 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Billardkugel" title="Billardkugel">Billardkugel</a>
</th>
<td>18,0 cm
</td>
<td>9,80 · 10<sup>−5</sup> m<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td>170 g
</td>
<td>1735 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Gro%C3%9Fkreis" title="Großkreis">Großkreis</a></li>
<li><a href="Sph%C3%A4re_(Mathematik)" title="Sphäre (Mathematik)">Sphäre (Mathematik)</a></li>
<li><a href="Sph%C3%A4rische_Geometrie" title="Sphärische Geometrie">Sphärische Geometrie</a>, <a href="Sph%C3%A4rische_Trigonometrie" title="Sphärische Trigonometrie">Sphärische Trigonometrie</a></li>
<li><a href="Kugeldreieck" title="Kugeldreieck">Kugeldreieck</a></li>
<li><a href="Kugelsegment" title="Kugelsegment">Kugelsegment</a></li>
<li><a href="Kugel_(Darstellende_Geometrie)" title="Kugel (Darstellende Geometrie)">Kugel (Darstellende Geometrie)</a></li>
<li><a href="Die_Mechanische_Methode" title="Die Mechanische Methode">Die Mechanische Methode</a></li>
<li><a href="%C3%9Cber_Kugel_und_Zylinder" title="Über Kugel und Zylinder">Über Kugel und Zylinder</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Yann Rocher (Hrsg.): <i>Globes. Architecture et sciences explorent le monde.</i> Norma/Cité de l’architecture, Paris 2017.</li>
<li>Rainer Maroska, Achim Olpp, Claus Stöckle, Hartmut Wellstein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Schnittpunkt 10. Mathematik</cite>. Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-12-741050-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kugel&rft.au=Rainer+Maroska%2C+Achim+Olpp%2C+Claus+St%C3%B6ckle%2C+...&rft.btitle=Schnittpunkt+10.+Mathematik&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3127410506&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Ernst+Klett+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Fischer/Kaul: <i>Mathematik für Physiker.</i> 4. Auflage, Springer, ISBN 978-3-662-53968-2.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spheres?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Kugel</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kugel" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Kugel">Wiktionary: Kugel</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kugel" class="extiw external" title="q:Kugel">Wikiquote: Kugel</a></b> – Zitate </div>
<ul><li>Wolfram MathWorld: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Sphere.html">Sphere</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/kugel.htm">Alles zum Thema <i>Kugel</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/mde/volumesphere_de.htm">HTML5-App zum Kugelvolumen</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNaTlyl3tNo">Herleitung der Volumenformel für Kugeln mit Hilfe des Prinzips von Cavalieri</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boto von Querenburg: <i>Mengentheoretische Topologie.</i> Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 1976, Definition 1.3. 3. Auflage 2001, ISBN 3-540-67790-9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Herbert_Federer" title="Herbert Federer">Herbert Federer</a>: <i>Geometric Measure Theory.</i> Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 1969, 2.8.1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tec-science.com/de/werkstofftechnik/aufbau-der-metalle/herleitung-der-packungsdichte/"><i>Herleitung der Packungsdichte.</i></a> In: <i>tec-science.com</i>, 26. Mai 2018</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried Wetzel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swetzel.ch/geomgeb/kugelpack/kugelpack.html#8"><i>8. Die kristallographischen Elementarzellen und ihre Packungsdichten.</i></a> In: <i>Dichteste Kugelpackung</i>, swetzel.ch, April 2020</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">László Fejes Tóth: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationsserver.tu-braunschweig.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbbs_derivate_00030669/Toth_Dichteste_Kugelpackung.pdf"><i>Dichteste Kugelpackung</i></a>, Abhandlungen der Braunschweigischen
Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Band 27, 1977, S. 319</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Biertümpel & Hanns-Joachim Köhler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Eduard Kettner Jagdwaffenkunde</cite>. 4. Auflage. RIW-Verlag Okahandja GmbH, Duisburg 1984, ISBN 3-923270-02-X.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kugel&rft.au=Walter+Biert%C3%BCmpel+%26+Hanns-Joachim+K%C3%B6hler&rft.btitle=Eduard+Kettner+Jagdwaffenkunde&rft.date=1984&rft.edition=4.+Auflage&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=392327002X&rft.place=Duisburg&rft.pub=RIW-Verlag+Okahandja+GmbH" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Rausch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Alles über Jagdwaffen in Theorie & Praxis</cite>. 4. Auflage. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-7168-1324-9.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kugel&rft.au=Wolfgang+Rausch&rft.btitle=Alles+%C3%BCber+Jagdwaffen+in+Theorie+%26+Praxis&rft.date=1988&rft.edition=4.+Auflage&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3716813249&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Rausch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Alles über Munition für Jagdwaffen in Theorie und Praxis</cite>. 1. Auflage. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-87943-710-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kugel&rft.au=Wolfgang+Rausch&rft.btitle=Alles+%C3%BCber+Munition+f%C3%BCr+Jagdwaffen+in+Theorie+und+Praxis&rft.date=1980&rft.edition=1.+Auflage&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3879437106&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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